What is a prepared piano?

A prepared piano is a regular acoustic piano that has been modified by placing various objects on or between the strings of the instrument to alter its sound. These objects can include screws, rubber bands, pieces of felt, paper, or even plastic. When these objects come into contact with the strings, they change the timbre and pitch of the piano, creating unique and unconventional sounds.

The concept of a prepared piano was first developed by the composer John Cage in the 1940s. Cage was looking for new ways to explore and expand the possibilities of piano music. By inserting objects into the piano, he was able to create a broader range of tones and percussive effects.

Prepared pianos allow for a wide variety of sounds, from eerie and atmospheric to percussive and rhythmic. The objects can be placed directly on the strings or attached to the hammers, dampers, or other parts of the piano mechanism. Different objects produce different effects, resulting in a vast sonic palette for composers and performers to work with.

The technique of preparing a piano requires careful experimentation and exploration. Composers and musicians often spend significant amounts of time finding the right objects and placements to achieve the desired sounds. Instructions for preparing a piano can be detailed or more open-ended, allowing for interpretation and improvisation.

Over the years, many composers and musicians have embraced the prepared piano as a versatile and expressive instrument. It has been used in various genres of music, including classical, experimental, avant-garde, and even popular music. Notable composers who have utilized the prepared piano include John Cage, Henry Cowell, Hans Otte, and Hauschka.

In addition to changing the sound of the piano, the use of prepared piano also opens up new possibilities for extended techniques, such as plucking, scraping, or bowing the strings. This further expands the range of sounds that can be produced and allows for innovative approaches to composition and performance.